![]() ![]() but also drive food insecurity and overproduction, the latter of which contributes in turn to nature degradation. Food loss and waste not only contribute an estimated 8 to 10 percent of global anthropogenic emissions 5 Climate change and land, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2019. For more, see UNEP food waste index report 2021, UNEP, March 4, 2021. 4 “Food loss” refers to food that is lost at or near the time of harvest, while “food waste” refers to food that is fit for consumption but discarded at the consumption or retail phase. Approximately 30 percent of the world’s food is lost or wasted every year. ![]() Trade-offs and other benefits associated with decarbonization actions are highlighted throughout the report. While climate change remains the focus of this report, decarbonization and the actions to achieve it cannot be considered separately from their broader impacts on nature and society. 3 “Our global food system is the primary driver of biodiversity loss,” United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), February 3, 2021. In addition, food systems are the primary driver of biodiversity loss around the world, and these systems have growing effects on biosphere integrity, human health, and food access. 2 Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Land use,” Our World in Data, September 2019 “Water in agriculture,” World Bank, October 5, 2022. For example, agricultural land covers half of all habitable land and is responsible for 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals. At the same time, conversations about sustainable transitions have increasingly focused on agriculture’s effects on nature and society beyond climate change. ![]() For this report, our research has focused on how decarbonization measures have evolved, as well as on the key barriers to their adoption and the actions industry players and investors can take to support their uptake. 1 “ Reducing agriculture emissions through improved farming practices,” McKinsey, May 6, 2020. In 2020, we released our report Agriculture and climate change, which identified key actions the agricultural industry could take to support decarbonization. ![]()
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